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Bowl of Utu
The Bowl of Utu also known as the Bowl of Udu, Uhub, Utug, U-tug, Utuk or Utu(k) is an ancient Sumerian bowl from the early 3rd millennium BC. Fragments of the bowl contain eight lines of an inscription. Controversy has surrounded its translation since the 1920s but it is agreed by scholars the fragments contain the earliest mention of Hamazi.
==The Bowl==
Only two fragments of the bowl are known to exist and were unearthed in Nippur (Ianna Temple) by the archaeologist Hermann Volrath Hilprecht in 1889. The two fragments are only small in size, but contain an extant Sumerian inscription of eight lines. Hilprecht glued the fragments together (the total size being 12 x 14. 5 x 1. 7 cm) and first translated part of the inscription in his ''Old Babylonian Inscriptions'' (1893).〔"The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania". Series A: Cuneiform texts (1893), Vol. 1 pt. 2. Hilprecht, H.V. "Old Babylonian Inscriptions chiefly from Nippur", plate 46, p. 49 (Trans Am. Phil. Soc.' N.S XIIII. 8). More information on the bowl is found in Laurence Waddell's "Makers of Civilization in Race and History" (1929, p. 94 ff).〕 A full translation was undertaken by the French Assyriologist François Thureau-Dangin, the chief curator at the Louvre in 1905.〔"Les inscript Sumer er d' Akkad", F. Paris 1905, p. 229.〕
The inscription of eight lines reads in full as follows:〔Tr. Dangin and Hilprecht (Waddell, 1929).〕
The English translation reads:〔Tr. Dangin and Hilprecht (Waddell, 1929).〕
The bowl fragments were dated by Hilprecht (1893) to the beginning of the Early Dynastic III (ED IIIa) Period (or Nippur III) c. 2600 BC.〔"Old Babylonian Inscriptions chiefly from Nippur", plate 46, p. 49.〕 Other scholars however have proposed a slightly earlier date, such as the Early Dynastic II (c. 2750 BC).〔Early Dynastic Dedication Inscriptions from Nippur, Albrecht Goetze, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2 , 1970, p. 39-56.〕 In the early 20th century, Laurence Waddell excavated the ancient temple site at Nippur where the fragments were found and claimed he could date them to c. 3245 BC.〔Waddell, 1929, pp. 88-101.〕 Most Assyriologists however have rejected this date.
The bowl fragments later came into the possession of Waddell who in 1929 published his own alternative translation (see below).
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